def total(a = 0, b = 0, c=0, d=0):
    return a + b + c + d
print(total())
print(total(3))
print(total(3, 4))
print(total(3, 4, 5))
print(total(3, 4, 5, 6))
#x is a stargument
def summer(*x):
    #treat a stargument like a list!
    out = 0
    for k in x:
        out += k
    return out
print(summer())
print(summer(3))
print(summer(3, 4))
print(summer(3, 4, 5))
print(summer(3, 4, 5, 6))
print(summer(3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12))
##the inside dope:
##   the entries you pass to a stargument geet packed into a list.
print(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,"cow", True, [1,2,3])