public class Puzzler
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        //s = "caterpillar"
        //print a string containing the first and last letters of s
        //print(s[0] + s[-1])
        //print the substring between teh first and last 'a' in s.
        //start = s.find("a") + 1
        //end = s.rfind("a") 
        //print(s[start:end])
        //print s in upper-case
        //print(s.upper())
        //print True if "cat" is a substring of s.
        //print("cat" in s)
        //print False if "iar" is not a substring of s.
        //print("iar" in s)
        //t = "CaTerPIllAR"
        //print True if s and t are the same string, case INsensitive
        //do this TWO different ways.
        //print(s.upper() == t.upper())
        //print 50 stars
        //print("*"*50)
        //print u  with all whitespace removed from the right.
        //u = "            paddded               "
        //print(u.rstrip())
        //print u  with all whitespace removed from the right.
        //print(u.lstrip())
        //print u  with all whitespace removed both sides.
        //print(u.strip())
        //replace every a in s with an A and print.
        //print(s.replace("a", "A"))
        //replace "cat" in s with "dog"
        //print(s.replace("cat", "dog"))
    }
}